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作者简介:

高长海(1977-),男,讲师,博士,硕士生导师,研究方向为油气成藏。E-mail: gch260725@163.com。

通信作者:

高长海(1977-),男,讲师,博士,硕士生导师,研究方向为油气成藏。E-mail: gch260725@163.com。

中图分类号:TE 122.1

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1673-5005(2025)04-0038-12

DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1673-5005.2025.04.004

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目录contents

    摘要

    针对渤海湾盆地济阳坳陷林樊家地区馆陶组稠油油源及成藏过程认识不清的问题,利用油藏地球化学及分子地球化学方法,根据原油生标化合物及碳同位素特征,结合流体包裹体技术,对稠油的来源、成因及成藏过程进行深入探讨。结果表明:林樊家地区馆陶组稠油油源来自于利津洼陷沙四上亚段成熟烃源岩,生物降解作用是导致原油稠化的主要机制,原油达到目前降解程度所需时间为4.4~13.0 Ma;稠油的形成经历“两期充注、一期稠化”的过程,第一期为古近纪东营组时期的小规模原油充注(距今31.2~24.6 Ma);第二期为新近纪馆陶组~明化镇组时期的大规模原油充注(距今15.0~7.0 Ma);原油主要通过尚西断层和连通砂体输导至林樊家地区馆陶组储层中,在聚集成藏后的约2 Ma(距今13.0 Ma)开始遭受持续至今的生物降解作用,导致原油逐渐稠化而形成稠油,其成藏过程表现为先成藏、再边成藏边稠化、后持续稠化。研究成果可为济阳坳陷及其他类似地区稠油的成因机制、稠化过程以及关联浅层气等的研究提供理论指导。

    Abstract

    The oil source and accumulation process of Guantao Formation heavy oil in the Linfanjia area of the Jiyang Depression, Bohai Bay Basin, remain unclear. In this study, the source, genesis, and accumulation history of the heavy oil were investigated using biomarker and carbon isotope characteristics of crude oil, combined with fluid inclusion analysis, through reservoir and molecular geochemistry methods. The results indicate that the heavy oil in the Guantao Formation originated from mature source rocks of the upper sub-member of the fourth member of the Shahejie Formation in the Lijin sag. Biodegradation is identified as the primary mechanism responsible for oil thickening, with the estimated time required to reach the current level of degradation ranging from 4.4 to 13.0 Ma. The formation of the heavy oil involved two charging events and one biodegradation phase. The first was a small-scale oil charge during the deposition of the Paleogene Dongying Formation (31.2-24.6 Ma), followed by a large-scale oil charge during the Neogene Guantao to Minghuazhen Formation (15.0-7.0 Ma). Oil migrated to the Guantao Formation reservoirs in the Linfanjia area mainly via the Shangxi fault and associated sand bodies. Approximately 2 million years after accumulation (around 13.0 Ma), biodegradation began and continued, gradually increasing the oil's viscosity and forming heavy oil. The accumulation process can be summarized as: initial charging, thickening during continued charging, and then sustained biodegradation-driven thickening. These findings provide theoretical insights into the genetic mechanisms, thickening processes, and associated shallow gas occurrences of heavy oil in the Jiyang Depression and other similar settings.

  • 稠油在渤海湾盆地济阳坳陷占有重要地位,截至2016年底,济阳坳陷探明稠油储量占其总探明石油储量的56.3%[1],尤其是近年来又在三合村、高青等地区取得勘探突破[2],展现稠油油藏良好的勘探开发前景。林樊家地区虽不是济阳坳陷最大、最新的稠油发育区,但该区三面环洼,油气源条件复杂,且烃源岩、稀油、稠油及天然气呈顺序分布,是济阳坳陷开展浅层稠油成藏机制研究的典型代表。前人对林樊家地区馆陶组稠油研究侧重于物理性质、分布规律、油藏描述、开采技术等方面[3-4],而对其油气来源、成因机制、稠化过程等方面仍缺乏系统而深入研究。生物降解作用是稠油形成的主要机制之一[5-6],改变原油的物理、化学性质[7-8],因此国内外学者多利用原油中抗生物降解能力强的生标化合物直接进行油源对比[9-10],或恢复饱和烃组分中被降解的生物标志物及提取储层流体包裹体中的生物标志物等间接进行油源对比[11-12]。由于生物降解原油的来源判识存在不确定性,给这类油藏成藏问题的探讨也带来诸多困惑,如原油生物降解作用是伴随原油充注同时发生的,还是在油藏形成之后发生的?这些问题直接影响着对稠油次生蚀变、成藏机制等方面的深入认识。因此笔者以林樊家地区馆陶组稠油为例,通过对原油与烃源岩之间的生标化合物、碳同位素等特征的综合分析,阐明稠油来源及其成因,结合流体包裹体分析,恢复稠油的成藏及稠化过程,以期为寻找济阳坳陷浅层稠油发育区及稠油形成机制研究提供理论指导。

  • 1 地质背景

  • 林樊家地区位于济阳坳陷东营凹陷西部,是一个在中古生界基底之上形成的低幅凸起,整体呈西南高北东低的构造格局,受林南、林北、尚西等边界断层控制,南临里则镇洼陷,北临阳信洼陷,东接利津洼陷(图1(a))。林樊家地区构造演化主要经历古近纪断陷阶段和新近纪坳陷阶段,由于古近纪与新近纪之间的断坳转换造成古近系抬升并遭受长期风化剥蚀,导致馆陶组直接披覆于孔店组顶部剥蚀面之上(图1(b))。新近系馆陶组下段为辫状河沉积,馆陶组上段和明化镇组为曲流河沉积,储层岩性以粉、细砂岩为主,砂体分布广泛。目前已发现的油气主要赋存于新近系馆陶组和明化镇组,其中原油(均为稠油)分布于中东部馆陶组下段,探明稠油地质储量为3958×104 t;天然气则分布于中西部馆陶组上段和明化镇组,探明天然气地质储量为4.88×108 m3(图1)。

  • 图1 林樊家地区地质特征

  • Fig.1 Geological characteristics of Linfanjia area

  • 2 试验结果分析

  • 采集利津洼陷及林樊家地区18口井烃源岩样品6个、原油样品15个、含油储层样品22块(其中对LZ12-11井连续取芯井段进行系统取样6块)。所有样品进行族组分及色质谱分析,10块样品进行流体包裹体分析,7块样品进行稳定碳同位素分析。

  • 2.1 稠油物性及族组分

  • 林樊家地区馆陶组原油密度(50℃)介于0.92~1.02 g/cm3,黏度(50℃)介于87.4~7314 mPa·s(图2(a)),凝固点介于-16.0~-2.2℃。根据原油性质划分标准[13],林樊家地区馆陶组原油属于典型稠油,具高密度、高黏度、低凝点特征。原油饱和烃质量分数为21.87%~47.45%,芳烃质量分数为19.78%~36.72%,胶质+沥青质质量分数为32.77%~41.41%,具低饱和烃、低芳烃、高胶质+沥青质特征(图2(b)),反映轻质馏分散失及重质馏分残留。林樊家地区构造高部位原油性质相对较好(密度小于0.96 g/cm3,黏度小于 2000 mPa·s,饱和烃质量分数大于30%),而构造低部位及断层附近相对较差。原油性质随埋深增加表现为密度增大,饱和烃质量分数降低,芳烃、胶质和沥青质含量升高的特征(图2(c))。

  • 图2 林樊家地区稠油物性及族组分特征

  • Fig.2 Characteristics of physical properties and group components of heavy oil in Linfanjia area

  • 2.2 稠油地球化学特征

  • 原油饱和烃总离子流图基线抬升现象明显,正构烷烃分布不完整,表明林樊家地区馆陶组原油饱和烃均遭受不同程度的损失,且损失程度呈一定的规律性:由构造高部位至低部位再至断层附近,原油饱和烃损失程度逐渐增大,如LZ10-8、L3-131等井原油仅部分正构烷烃遭受损失,LZ15-2、L102等井原油仅残留类异戊二烯烃,而LZ20-4、LZ12等井原油类异戊二烯烃普遍消失(图3(a))。

  • 原油甾烷类化合物较链烷烃具相对较好的稳定性及抗生物降解能力[14]。林樊家地区馆陶组原油甾烷类化合物具有相同或相似的指纹特征,反映出原油具相同或相近成因。C27-C29规则甾烷含量由构造高部位向构造低部位及断层附近呈降低的趋势,ααα20RC27、ααα20RC28、ααα20RC29的分布由不对称的“V”型变为对称的“V”型,同时低分子质量的孕甾烷、重排甾烷含量相对于规则甾烷也有一定程度的增加(图3(b)),反映出原油生物降解程度不断增强。

  • 原油萜烷类化合物比甾烷类具更强的抗生物降解能力[15]。林樊家地区馆陶组原油C20、C21、C23三环萜烷丰度较低,五环三萜烷含量较丰富,w(三环萜烷)/w(五环三萜烷)小于1,Ts丰度低于Tm,伽马蜡烷含量较高,各构造部位原油萜烷具相似的指纹特征(图3(c)),反映出原油具相近成因。构造低部位LZ15-2等井原油萜烷中检测到25-降藿烷系列化合物,而构造高部位LZ10-8等井却未检测到,这种原油烃类组成与降解程度出现矛盾的现象主要是因微生物对甾烷和藿烷降解的次序不同而造成[16]

  • 原油芳烃总离子流图基线普遍抬升,表明耐生物降解的芳烃类化合物也遭到不同程度的损失,但其改造程度远不及饱和烃,多数原油低分子质量萘、菲等化合物仅发生轻微消耗,其中萘含量变化最明显,构造高部位LZ10-8井原油萘含量明显高于构造低部位及断层附近LZ15-2、LZ20-4等井,呈现出原油降解程度不断增强趋势(图3(d))。

  • 图3 林樊家地区稠油地球化学特征

  • Fig.3 Geochemical characteristics of heavy oil in Linfanjia area

  • 林樊家地区馆陶组稠油具有饱和烃基线抬升,正构烷烃、类异戊二烯烃有明显损失,甾萜分布不完整,存在25-降藿烷等地球化学特征(图3),可判断其成因主要为生物降解作用。根据原油生物降解程度判识标准[7],林樊家地区馆陶组原油整体遭受中等程度的生物降解作用(表1)。平面上,降解程度低的稠油主要分布在构造高部位,而降解程度高的稠油主要分布在构造低部位及断层附近;垂向上,稠油降解程度表现出“下重上轻”的梯度变化特征(图2(c))。

  • 表1 林樊家地区馆陶组稠油生物降解程度识别特征

  • Table1 Identification characteristics of biodegradation degree of Guantao Formation heavy oil in Linfanjia area

  • 2.3 稠油成熟度

  • 三降藿烷w(Ts)/(w(Ts)+w(Tm))、w(C26三芳甾烷20S)/(w(20S)+w(20R))及w(C29甾烷20S)/(w(20S)+w(20R))等通常作为判别原油或烃源岩成熟度的指标参数[17]。林樊家地区馆陶组原油遭受不同程度生物降解作用,部分甾烷发生损失,导致C29甾烷异构化参数评价结果会受生物降解作用影响。采用抗生物降解能力强的三降藿烷以及C26三芳甾烷对原油成熟度进行综合评价。林樊家地区馆陶组原油的w(Ts)/(w(Ts)+w(Tm))介于0.35~0.39(表1)(中度生物降解原油的该比值低于正常原油[18]),w(C26三芳甾烷20S)/(w(20S)+w(20R))介于0.51~0.63(图4),表明原油成熟度较高,是烃源岩在成熟演化阶段生成的产物。

  • 图4 林樊家地区稠油成熟度评价

  • Fig.4 Maturity evaluation of heavy oil in Linfanjia area

  • 3 讨论

  • 3.1 稠油油源对比

  • 林樊家地区自身不发育烃源岩,但其南临里则镇洼陷,北接阳信洼陷,东抵利津洼陷,具有良好的油气供给条件。里则镇洼陷烃源岩热演化程度低,生烃量少[19],与林樊家地区原油成熟度差异明显(图4),对林樊家地区油气成藏没有贡献。阳信洼陷沙一、三段烃源岩烃转化率较低,生烃量少[20],对林樊家地区油气贡献可忽略不计;沙四段烃源岩w(伽马蜡烷)/w(C30霍烷)大于0.6,而林樊家地区馆陶组原油w(伽马蜡烷)/w(C30霍烷)小于0.3(图5),其对林樊家地区油气成藏也没有贡献。

  • 利津洼陷发育沙三下和沙四上烃源岩,两者在沉积环境、母质来源及成熟度等方面均存在明显的差异[21-22]。沙三下烃源岩沉积时水体为半咸化环境,植烷优势消失,姥植比普遍大于1.0,w(伽马蜡烷)/w(C30霍烷)普遍大于0.3,与林樊家地区馆陶组原油成熟度不相符;而沙四上烃源岩沉积时水体为咸化环境,植烷优势明显,姥植比低(普遍小于0.8),w(伽马蜡烷)/w(C30霍烷)介于0.2~0.3,与林樊家地区馆陶组原油成熟度相符,表明两者具有较好的亲缘性(表1、图5)。

  • 选择抗生物降解能力强的生标化合物及稳定碳同位素等参数,分析研究区稠油油源。利津洼陷沙三下烃源岩相对富集重碳同位素,原油碳同位素值一般大于-27.0‰,烃源岩氯仿沥青“A”碳同位素值为-25.8‰~-26.5‰;而利津洼陷沙四上烃源岩富集轻碳同位素,原油碳同位素值小于-30.0‰。林樊家地区馆陶组稠油碳同位素偏轻,全油碳同位素值为-31.4‰~-30.1‰,饱和烃碳同位素值为-32.3‰~-31.6‰,这些特征与利津洼陷沙四上烃源岩较接近,而与沙三下烃源岩存在较大差别。自利津洼陷L89井沙四上烃源岩,至斜坡带B649-X58井沙四上稀油、S12-25井馆陶组稠油,再至林樊家地区LZ12-11井馆陶组稠油,原油饱和烃、甾烷、萜烷等生标化合物参数具相似指纹特征(图6)。因此林樊家地区稠油与斜坡带原油同源,均来源于利津洼陷沙四上烃源岩提供的成熟原油。

  • 图5 林樊家地区稠油与周边洼陷烃源岩地球化学参数对比

  • Fig.5 Comparison of geochemical parameters between heavy oils in Linfanjia area and source rocks in surrounding sags

  • 图6 林樊家地区稠油油源对比

  • Fig.6 Oil source correlation of heavy oil in Linfanjia area

  • 3.2 稠油成藏期次

  • 流体包裹体已成为油气地质领域分析油气成藏期次最重要和最有效的方法之一[23-24]。根据储层中流体包裹体特征,结合埋藏史-热史,可确定油气成藏期次[25-27]

  • 3.2.1 包裹体岩相学特征

  • 薄片显微观察显示,林樊家地区馆陶组储层中流体包裹体发育盐水包裹体和烃类包裹体,这些包裹体主要赋存于石英颗粒裂隙及石英加大边中(图7)。盐水包裹体由气液比5%~15%的盐水溶液组成,呈椭圆状及不规则状,大小3~5 μm,其体壁及气泡壁薄而清晰,单偏光下无色透明,加热时均一为液相(图7(a)~(d))。烃类包裹体由气、液两相烃类物质组成,结合显微荧光特征,将烃类包裹体分为2类。第Ⅰ类包裹体沿石英颗粒裂隙分布,丰度较低,GOI 值为3%~5%,主要由液烃包裹体组成,透射光下呈褐黑色,荧光下呈橙黄色;第Ⅱ类包裹体沿石英颗粒裂隙和次生加大边分布,丰度较高,GOI 值为20%~25%,主要由气烃包裹体组成,透射光下呈黑色,荧光下呈绿色(图7(e)~(l))。

  • 3.2.2 包裹体期次划分

  • 根据包裹体岩相学特征,林樊家地区馆陶组烃类包裹体形成期次有2期,第Ⅰ期为发橙黄色荧光的烃类包裹体,第Ⅱ期为发绿色荧光的烃类包裹体,反映烃类包裹体存在2期不同成熟度原油的充注。林樊家地区馆陶组储层中与烃类包裹体伴生的盐水包裹体均一温度分布在90~150℃,第Ⅰ期盐水包裹体均一温度分布在90~120℃,峰值区间为100~110℃;第Ⅱ期盐水包裹体均一温度分布在110~150℃,峰值区间为130~140℃(图8(a))。林樊家地区馆陶组盐水包裹体盐度分布在1%~20%,第Ⅰ期含烃盐水包裹体盐度分布范围为1%~10%,峰值区间为2%~8%;第Ⅱ期含烃盐水包裹体盐度分布在8%~20%,峰值区间为10%~16%(图8(b))。第Ⅱ期盐水包裹体均一温度和盐度均高于第Ⅰ期,反映第Ⅱ期较第Ⅰ期有更高温度和盐度的烃类流体充注。因此林樊家地区馆陶组烃类包裹体存在2期充注。

  • 3.2.3 成藏期次的确定

  • 通过Easy-Ro模型计算得到利津洼陷沙四上烃源岩生成原油时的温度为120~140℃,与林樊家地区馆陶组储层流体包裹体主峰温度(130~140℃)接近,据此推测该温度下的油气充注时间为距今15.0~7.0 Ma,对应于馆陶组~明化镇组时期(图9),反映一种原油快速充注的成藏过程,导致林樊家地区馆陶组储层现今及古地温小于包裹体实测温度。因此林樊家地区馆陶组存在两期原油充注(图9):第一期为距今31.2~24.6 Ma的东营组时期,对应第Ⅰ期发橙黄色荧光的烃类包裹体,该时期烃源岩进入成熟演化阶段(Ro为0.5%~0.7%),但生排烃规模小,为林樊家地区次要成藏期;第二期为距今15.0~7.0 Ma的馆陶组~明化镇组时期,对应第Ⅱ期发绿色荧光的烃类包裹体,该时期烃源岩达到生排烃高峰,为林樊家地区主要成藏期。

  • 图7 林樊家地区稠油储层中流体包裹体镜下特征

  • Fig.7 Microscopic characteristics of fluid inclusions in heavy oil reservoirs in Linfanjia area

  • 图8 林樊家地区稠油储层中盐水包裹体均一温度和盐度分布

  • Fig.8 Homogenization temperature and salinity distribution of brine inclusions in heavy oil reservoirs in Linfanjia area

  • 图9 利津洼陷埋藏史-热演化史

  • Fig.9 Burial history and thermal evolution history of Lijin sag

  • 3.2.4 原油降解时间

  • Larter等[528]通过详细分析生物降解油气藏的资料,建立垂向上全油柱原油组分(饱和烃)梯度变化模型和原油混合动力学模型,认为原油生物降解遵循一级化学反应动力学方程及扩散吸附原理,导致自油水界面往上油柱的原油饱和烃质量分数逐渐增大(图2(c)、图10)。因此可根据原油饱和烃质量分数在垂向上的变化特征来分析原油的降解时间。

  • 设某一级化学反应为从A(反应物)到B(产物),A的起始含量为a,B的起始含量为0;t时刻时B的含量为b,A的含量为a-b,则一级化学反应动力学方程(或速率方程)为

  • lnaa-b=kt.
    (1)
  • 式中,k为原油生物降解速率常数,kg2·a-1,约为10-6~10-7(据文献[5])。

  • 图10 生物降解原油饱和烃垂向变化特征

  • Fig.10 Vertical variation characteristics of saturated hydrocarbons of biodegraded crude oil

  • 林樊家地区LZ12-11井馆陶组连续取芯段的油柱高度为295 m,油柱顶部原油遭受轻度生物降解作用,饱和烃质量分数为48%,油柱底部(近油水界面处)原油则遭受较严重生物降解作用,饱和烃质量分数为22%(图2(c)),可知原油饱和烃质量分数的垂向梯度为0.00088 kg·kg-1·m-1。利津洼陷沙四上烃源岩抽提物饱和烃质量分数为62%,将其视为原油充注时饱和烃质量分数。若只考虑原油在油水界面处饱和烃质量分数及其降解程度,将参数原油充注时饱和烃含量、原油现今饱和烃含量及原油生物降解速率常数代入式(1),可求得原油降解时间t为0.44~4.40 Ma,即在没有物质扩散与交换前提下,原油在油水界面处自未遭受生物降解至现今生物降解程度的时间为0.44~4.40 Ma,取保守值4.4 Ma。

  • 实际上,原油饱和烃质量分数或降解程度在垂向上的梯度变化必将导致烃类流体发生扩散及混合(图10)。假如扩散系数是固定的,那么对于一定长度的油柱来说,其扩散作用造成原油组分含量变化的时间 (t)响应方程可表示为

  • t=h2/D.
    (2)
  • 式中,t为原油组分含量变化的时间,s;h为油柱长度,m;D为扩散系数,10-9 m2·s-1

  • 根据原油饱和烃质量分数及其垂向梯度数据计算,连续油柱长度约为450 m;已知烷烃在稠油中的扩散系数约为0.5×10-10 m2·s-1(据文献[28])。将参数油柱长度、扩散系数代入式(2),可求得原油降解时间t为4.1×1014 s,即13.0 Ma。因此林樊家地区馆陶组原油遭受生物降解的保守时间为4.4~13.0 Ma。如前所述,林樊家地区馆陶组主成藏期为距今15.0~7.0 Ma,原油降解所需最长时间(13.0 Ma)少于其成藏最早时间(15.0 Ma),表明稠油的形成经历先成藏、再边成藏边稠化、后持续稠化的过程。

  • 3.3 稠油成藏过程

  • 3.3.1 早期成藏

  • 古近纪东营组沉积时期(距今31.2~24.6 Ma),利津洼陷沙四上烃源岩进入生烃门限(镜质体反射率Ro为0.5%~0.7%),生成的原油向邻近的岩性圈闭中运移聚集,或沿着砂体侧向运移至林樊家地区尚西断层东侧。该时期尚西断层基本处于静止状态,同时由于烃源岩生排烃量较少,原油分布于尚西断层上盘古近系断层遮挡圈闭中(图11)。古近纪末期喜山运动东营幕使得利津洼陷整体抬升并遭受剥蚀,不仅造成馆陶组早期约8 Ma的沉积间断,也导致利津洼陷沙四上烃源岩生烃作用停止(图9)。

  • 自新近纪馆陶组沉积以来(距今约23.0 Ma),林樊家地区开始进入坳陷演化阶段,受北北东—北东东向挤压应力作用,尚西断层活动性增强,早期聚集于尚西断层上盘古近系圈闭中的原油沿尚西断层垂向运移,并侧向进入馆陶组下段岩性圈闭中聚集。因此林樊家地区馆陶组早期成藏是一个不连续充注过程,即利津洼陷沙四上烃源岩早期生成的原油以尚西断层上盘古近系圈闭为“中转站”进入下盘馆陶组圈闭。林樊家地区馆陶组储层第Ⅰ期包裹体温度(100~110℃)高于其现今地温(47~51℃)及古地温(最高85℃),表明早期成藏又是一个快速充注过程。

  • 图11 林樊家地区油气成藏模式

  • Fig.11 Hydrocarbon accumulation model in Linfanjia area

  • 3.3.2 晚期成藏

  • 新近纪馆陶组~明化镇组沉积时期(距今15.0~7.0 Ma),利津洼陷的持续沉降使得沙四上烃源岩再次进入生烃门限(图9),同时全区沉积馆陶组和明化镇组的河流相碎屑岩。随着埋深加大,烃源岩大范围成熟并逐渐达到生排烃高峰期,生成的大量原油沿砂体侧向运移至林樊家地区尚西断层上盘。该时期尚西断层处于微弱活动状态,与主成藏期匹配良好,原油沿尚西断层垂向运移,在断层侧向封堵性较差的地方,原油穿过断层进入林樊家地区物性较好的馆陶组下段砂体中侧向运移,在砂体尖灭圈闭中聚集,随着原油不断充注及断层活动性减弱,形成馆陶组岩性或断层—岩性油藏(图11)。

  • 油源对比结果表明,林樊家地区馆陶组原油与尚西断层上盘古近系原油具同源性,均来自于利津洼陷沙四上烃源岩(图6)。从原油分布特征看,原油分布于尚西断层下盘馆陶组和上盘古近系,而下盘孔店组却没有显示,说明利津洼陷烃源岩生成的原油先沿着古近系砂体侧向运移至尚西断层,再通过尚西断层垂向调整直接运移至下盘馆陶组聚集成藏。

  • 3.3.3 稠油形成

  • 自林樊家地区馆陶组大规模充注成藏后的约2 Ma(距今13.0 Ma),储层中原油开始遭受生物降解作用并逐渐稠化;距今13.0~7.0 Ma,储层中原油的充注成藏与稠化作用同步进行,即进入边成藏边稠化阶段;距今7.0 Ma以来,储层中原油的充注成藏结束,稠化作用仍持续进行,从而形成现今的稠油油藏(图11)。

  • 3.4 稠油勘探前景

  • 原油遭受生物降解作用过程中,不仅可导致原油稠化形成稠油,还可产生原油降解气[29]。济阳坳陷勘探与研究表明,浅层稠油与天然气呈“耦合分布”关系,且两者具成因上的紧密关联性[30-31]。根据物理模拟试验数据估算[31-32],林樊家地区浅层气已探明储量仅占估算储量的53.6%。因此稠油发育区的勘探不应局限于稠油资源,与其同步形成的浅层气资源也应成为勘探的目标。通过开展浅层稠油与天然气的关联研究,可对中国其他类似地区(如渤海湾盆地黄骅坳陷、冀中坳陷等,以及准噶尔盆地、松辽盆地等)稠油与天然气的勘探提供理论依据。

  • 4 结论

  • (1)林樊家地区馆陶组稠油油源来自于利津洼陷沙四上成熟烃源岩,生物降解作用是导致稠油形成的主要成因机制,原油整体遭受中等程度的生物降解作用。

  • (2)林樊家地区馆陶组稠油饱和烃呈现“下重上轻”的梯度变化特征,据此计算稠油达到目前生物降解程度所需地质时间约为4.4~13.0 Ma。

  • (3)林樊家地区馆陶组稠油的形成经历“两期充注、一期稠化”的成藏过程,第一期充注为古近纪东营组时期的小规模原油充注,第二期充注为新近纪馆陶组~明化镇组时期的大规模原油充注,以及第二期充注成藏后约2 Ma开始遭受持续至今的原油稠化,表现为先成藏、再边成藏边稠化、后持续稠化的成藏过程。

  • (4)鉴于浅层稠油与天然气分布特征及其成因关系、量化关系,有必要对浅层稠油发育区的稠油与天然气开展双向的联合勘探,从而提高油气勘探效率。

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