Hydraulic fracturing serves as a critical pathway for the efficient development of dry hot rock resources, and its core process involves the injection of low-temperature and high-pressure fluids into high-temperature, high-stress rock formations, in which cold shock-induced thermal stress can play a vital role in fracture initiation and propagation within the hot dry rock. However, the evolution characteristics of stress/temperature and fracture propagation patterns in high-temperature rock matrix under coupled thermo-stress interactions remain unclear. In this study, a thermo-hydro-mechanical-damage coupled fracture propagation model was established, incorporating wellbore stress superposition effects, rock thermo-poroelastic responses, elastic-brittle failure criteria and permeability-porosity variations with matrix damage. The model 's accuracy was validated through comparisons with the results of analytical solutions for wellbore cooling and fracture propagation. Numerical simulations under varying geothermal stress conditions and fluid injection temperature reveal that, during fracture initiation, strong thermal stresses near the wellbore can promote multi-directional fracture extension, while the subsequent propagation becomes increasingly dominated by in-situ stress distribution, causing fracture reorientation towards the maximum principal stress direction, while the variation of temperature is localized near the wellbore region. Larger temperature differentials can enhance thermal stresses, reduce initiation pressures and facilitate the development of complex fracture networks. Smaller in-situ stress differentials (under constant maximum principal stress) can weaken the control of fracture initiation/propagation directions by stress field, promoting the formation of complex fracture networks while inducing greater stress perturbations.